Describe and Evaluate two theories of the formation of romantic relationships Essay Example for Free

Describe and Evaluate two theories of the formation of romantic relationships Essay In 1970 Byrne and Clore introduced the reward/ need satisfaction theory for the formation of relationships. They suggested that we are attracted to individuals whose presence is rewarding for us, and that naturally we find stimuli rewarding if it meets an unmet need; the more rewards someone provides for us, the more we should be attracted to them. They believed that the formation if relationships was linked with the idea of classical and operant conditioning, with operant conditioning we are likely to repeat behaviours that leads to a desirable outcome and avoid behaviours that lead to undesirable ones, so we enter the relationships because the presence of some individuals is directly associated with reinforcement, making us have positive feelings, which makes them more attractive to us. For classical conditioning, we tend to prefer people who we associate with pleasant event, so for example if we meet someone somewhere where we are having a good time, then we will associate this person with this good time and find them more attractive in the long run. Byrne and Clore believed that the balance between positive and negative feelings in a relationship was crucial as relationships where the positive outweigh negative feelings were more likely to develop and succeed. Griffitt and Guay (1969), participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter and then asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter. The rating was highest when the experimenter had positively evaluated the participant’s performance on the task. This study supports the claim that we like people who are associated with pleasant events. This provides strong support that similarity is important in attraction, but also highlights reciprocal liking also is factor in the formation of relationships; however this may not be the only factor influencing this. The experiment was only of an imaginary description, the participant is unlikely to truly demonstrate how they feel towards the stranger. The experiment doesnt demonstrate interaction of people, but rather just presents a statement about them, which reduces how far conclusions can be drawn. Although similarity may be a factor, how people socially interact is also important to how a person perceives another. In a laboratory experiment, Lehr and Gehr (2006) studied participants of both sexes to test the importance of reciprocal liking. Knowing that someone likes you is particularly rewarding and so is more likely to end up in mutual liking. Participants were given a description of a stranger, with varying degrees of similarity of the strangers attitude to the participants. In each description was a statement that the stranger either liked or did not like the participant. Researchers found significant effects for attitude similarity and liking. However this study doesn’t have ecological validity from where it was done in a lab setting and didn’t reflect real life situation or conditions However Cate et al (1982) asked 337 individuals to assess their current relationships in terms of reward level and satisfaction. Results showed that reward level was superior to all other factors in determining relationship satisfaction, however this theory only explores the receiving of rewards, the results may not be completely accurate though as some people may have picked the socially desirable answers. These studies all ignore natures influence on attraction and that it is to some extent an evolutionary need to have a partner that meets physical requirements. This model may be very culturally bound as all the studies done were in the western world’s individualistic cultures. In other cultures one partner may not expect rewards and may be entirely giving, or arranges marriages will also go against this theory as the long term is made to happen. For example, Lott (1994) suggests that in many cultures women are more focused on the needs of others rather than receiving reinforcement. This suggests that this theory is not a universal explanation of relationship formation and therefore culturally biased. However, this theory is supported by another theory on how relationships are formed Byrne, Clore and Smeatons Similarity Theory (1986) states that it is important that people are similar in order to be able to form a relationship. They theorise that there are two stages to deciding who to seek relations with first we sort out the people most dissimilar to us and secondly then seek out those who are most similar. Caspi and Herbener found that in married couples, those who were the happiest were those with the most similar personality traits.

The Glen Ridge Rape :: essays research papers

Bernard Lefkowitz’s Our Guys raises a lot of issues, all of which have been discussed throughout this semester.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just a few pages into the book, words had already begun to jump out at me, capturing my attention. â€Å"The kids in Newark, black and brown, speaking Spanglish, hoods over their heads, wheeling their stolen cars over to the local chop shop -- they were aliens in America. Strange, forever separate and separated from the American ideal. But these Glen Ridge kids, they were pure gold, every mother’s dream, every father’s pride. They were not only Glen Ridge’s finest, but in their perfection they belonged to all of us. They were Our Guys (page 7).† This is a story about White Privilege, I thought. After reading the next two pages, I changed my mind. â€Å"...I wanted to understand how their status as young athlete celebrities in Glen Ridge influenced their treatment of girls and women, particularly those of their age.....I was especially curious about what license they were permitted as a clique of admired athletes and how that magnified the sense of superiority they felt as individuals (pages 8-9).† Oh! This is a story about jock culture, I thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had only touched the surface. Later on, I realized Our Guys was about jock culture and white privilege...as well as rape cultures and patriarchy, male privilege and compulsory heterosexuality, pornography, accountability and â€Å"blame the victim.† All of these issues were part of this, a real life story, a real rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reading the story of the Glen Ridge Rape, I was able to make observations and draw conclusions that Ridgers who lived inside their glass bubbles weren’t able to make. They didn't realize what type of things they were teaching their children. Morals and values are instilled into a person at a very early age. It can start at birth. Males of Glen Ridge were taught that they had power and were expected to do certain things. â€Å"In their youth sons were permitted and even expected to raise a little hell. ‘There was a boys-will-be-boys attitude that went back to the nineteen fifties’....Boys were supposed to be vigorous, assertive, competitive; they were expected to test the boundaries of behavior within clearly established limits† (page 63). This is what boys learned at such an early age. Many of them grew up in male dominant families. Patriarchy was practiced in many homes. Male influence made it difficult for most of them to establish str ong relationships with or learn to appreciate members of the opposite sex.

Progress and Technology Essay

The technology is such an important part of people lives that truly could not live without it, and it’s really has an influence to many people today in the whole world! How danger is this for the society depending on how they communicate, and progress their own lives with this technology? First of all Technologies play a very important role for most of adults, and especially teenagers because it makes life easier to live on and faster to do something. It is really helps people to communicate faster and easier than do hard labor from time to time whenever he/she want to talk to love ones, friends, and also family. Smartphones in our daily life today can capture sharp images with deeper colors compared to the cameras in competing smartphones. It can record high-definition video, and has two front-facing stereo speakers that could use for better documentary if having a filming or something. Individuals marketing businesses that could finish their presentation to work or something for a rushing day as a result of this really make jobs of people made easier than the old source to obtain source about something a person needs. Due to the cases of using technology like cellphones on texting while driving is very dangerous for young teenagers this is one of the most problem of the society today . As a matter of fact these incidents of accidental everyday always happen because of this problem about texting while driving. Those most of the teenagers exceedingly cannot live without cellphones and computer even in just twenty-four hours. It just depends on how people use it like they see a scandal scene in some place or about their friends or family then captured it, and send to a friend who knows the person. People have to had discipline on how using time in a manageable way about technology and daily life it is people duty to be discontented, but do not set aside other importan t things in daily life living.

The Medieval Chivalric Romance

Chivalric romance is a type of prose or verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They typically describe the adventures of quest-seeking, legendary knights who are portrayed as having heroic qualities. Chivalric romances celebrate an idealized code of civilized behavior that combines loyalty, honor, and courtly love. Knights of the Round Table and Romance The most famous examples are the Arthurian romances recounting the adventures of Lancelot, Galahad, Gawain, and the other â€Å"Knights of the Round Table.† These include the Lancelot (late 12th century) of Chrà ©tien de Troyes, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (late 14th century), and Thomas Malorys prose romance (1485). Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with ironic or satiric intent. Romances reworked legends, fairy tales, and history to suit the readers (or, more likely, the hearers) tastes, but by 1600 they were out of fashion, and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote. Languages of Love Originally, romance literature was written in Old French, Anglo-Norman and Occitan, later, in English and German. During the early 13th century, romances were increasingly written as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in adversity. During the Gothic Revival, from c. 1800 the connotations of romance moved from the magical and fantastic to somewhat eerie Gothic adventure narratives. Queste del Saint Graal (Unknown) The Lancelot–Grail, also known as the Prose Lancelot, the Vulgate Cycle, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle, is a major source of Arthurian legend written in French. It is a series of five prose volumes that tell the story of the quest for the Holy Grail and the romance of Lancelot and Guinevere.   The tales combine elements of the Old Testament with the birth of Merlin, whose magical origins are consistent with those told by Robert de Boron (Merlin as the son of a devil and a human mother who repents her sins and is baptized). The Vulgate Cycle was revised in the 13th century, much was left out and much was added. The resulting text, referred to as the Post-Vulgate Cycle, was an attempt to create greater unity in the material and to de-emphasize the secular love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere. This version of the cycle was one of the most important sources of Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Unknown) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in Middle English in the late 14th-century and is one of the best known Arthurian stories. The â€Å"Green Knight† is interpreted by some as a representation of the â€Å"Green Man† of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ. Written in stanzas of alliterative verse, it draws on Welsh, Irish and English stories, as well as the French chivalric tradition. It is an important poem in the romance genre and it remains popular to this day. Le Morte DArthur by Sir Thomas Malory Le Morte dArthur (the Death of Arthur) is a French compilation by Sir Thomas Malory of traditional tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, and the Knights of the Round Table. Malory both interprets existing French and English stories about these figures and also adds original material. First published in 1485 by William Caxton, Le Morte dArthur is perhaps the best-known work of Arthurian literature in English. Many modern Arthurian writers, including T.H. White (The Once and Future King) and Alfred, Lord Tennyson (The Idylls of the King) have used Malory as their source. Roman de la Rose by Guillaume de Lorris (c. 1230) and Jean de Meun (c. 1275) The Roman de la Rose is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision. It is a notable instance of courtly literature. The works stated purpose is to entertain and to teach others about the Art of Love. At various places in the poem, the Rose of the title is seen as the name of the lady and as a symbol of female sexuality. The other characters names function as ordinary names and also as abstractions illustrating the various factors that are involved in a love affair. The poem was written in two stages. The first 4,058 lines were written by Guillaume de Lorris circa 1230. They describe the attempts of a courtier to woo his beloved. This part of the story is set in a walled garden or locus amoenus, one of the traditional topoi of epic and chivalric literature. Around 1275, Jean de Meun composed an additional 17,724 lines. In this enormous coda, allegorical personages (Reason, Genius, etc.) hold forth on love. This is a typical rhetorical strategy employed by medieval writers. Sir Eglamour of Artois (Unknown) Sir Eglamour of Artois is a Middle English verse romance written c. 1350. It is a narrative poem of about 1300 lines. The fact that six manuscripts and five printed editions from the 15th and 16th centuries survive is evidence for the case that Sir Eglamour of Artois was likely quite popular in its time. The story is constructed from a large number of elements found in other medieval romances. Modern scholarly opinion is critical of the poem for this reason, but readers should note that â€Å"borrowing† material during the Middle Ages was quite common and even expected. Authors made use of the humility topos in order to translate or re-imagine already popular stories while acknowledging original authorship. If we view this poem from a 15th-century perspective as well as from a modern standpoint, we find, as Harriet Hudson argues, a romance [that] is carefully structured, the action highly unified, the narration lively† (Four Middle English Romances, 1996). The action of the story involves the hero fighting with a fifty-foot giant, a ferocious boar, and a dragon. The hero’s son is carried off by a griffin and the boy’s mother, like Geoffrey Chaucers heroine Constance, is carried in an open boat to a distant land.

Transcription vs. Translation

Evolution, or the change in species over time, is driven by the process of natural selection. In order for natural selection to work, individuals within a population of a species must have differences within the traits they express. Individuals with the desirable traits and   for their environment will survive long enough to reproduce and pass down the genes that code for those characteristics to their offspring. Individuals that are deemed â€Å"unfit† for their environment will die before they are able to pass down those undesirable genes to the next generation. Over time, only the genes that code for the desirable adaptation will be found in the gene pool. The availability of these traits are dependent upon gene expression. Gene expression is made possible by the proteins that are made by cells during   and translation. Since genes are coded for in the DNA and the DNA is transcribed and translated into proteins, the expression of the genes are controlled by which portions of the DNA get copied and made into the proteins. Transcription The first step of gene expression is called transcription. Transcription is creation of a  messenger RNA molecule that is the complement of a single strand of DNA. Free floating RNA nucleotides get matched up to the DNA following the base pairing rules. In transcription, adenine is paired with uracil in RNA and guanine is paired with cytosine. The RNA polymerase molecule puts the messenger RNA nucleotide sequence in the correct order and binds them together. It is also the enzyme that is responsible for checking for mistakes or mutations in the sequence. Following transcription, the messenger RNA molecule is processed through a process called RNA splicing. Parts of the messenger RNA that do not code for the protein that needs to be expressed are cut out and the pieces are spliced back together. Additional protective caps and tails are added to the messenger RNA at this time as well. Alternative splicing can be done to the RNA to make a single strand of messenger RNA able to produce many different genes. Scientists believe this is how adaptations can occur without mutations happening at the molecular level. Now that the messenger RNA is fully processed, it can leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope and proceed to the cytoplasm where it will meet up with a ribosome and undergo translation. This second part of gene expression is where the actual polypeptide that will eventually become the expressed protein is made. In translation, the messenger RNA gets sandwiched between the large and small subunits of the ribosome. Transfer RNA will bring over the correct amino acid to the ribosome and messenger RNA complex. The transfer RNA recognizes the messenger RNA codon, or three nucleotide sequence, by matching up its own anit-codon complement and binding to the messenger RNA strand. The ribosome moves to allow another transfer RNA to bind and the amino acids from these transfer RNA create a peptide bond between them and severing the bond between the amino acid and the transfer RNA. The ribosome moves again and the now free transfer RNA can go find another amino acid and be reused. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a â€Å"stop† codon and at that point, the polypeptide chain and the messenger RNA are released from the ribosome. The ribosome and messenger RNA can be used again for further translation and the polypeptide chain can go off for some more processing to be made into a protein. The rate at which transcription and translation occur drive evolution, along with the chosen alternative splicing of the messenger RNA. As new genes are expressed and frequently expressed, new proteins are made and new adaptations and traits can be seen in the species. Natural selection then can work on these different variants and the species becomes stronger and survives longer. Translation The second major step in gene expression is called translation. After the messenger RNA makes a complementary strand to a single strand of DNA in transcription, it then gets processed during RNA splicing and is then ready for translation. Since the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, it has to first move out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores and out into the cytoplasm where it will encounter the ribosomes needed for translation. Ribosomes are an organelle within a cell that helps assemble proteins. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA and can either be free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum making it rough endoplasmic reticulum. A ribosome has two subunits - a larger upper subunit and the smaller lower subunit. A strand of messenger RNA is held between the two subunits as it goes through the process of translation. The upper subunit of the ribosome has three binding sites called the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites. These sites sit on top of the messenger RNA codon, or a three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome as an attachment to a transfer RNA molecule. The transfer RNA has an anti-codon, or complement of the messenger RNA codon, on one end and an amino acid that the codon specifies on the other end. The transfer RNA fits into the â€Å"A†, â€Å"P† and â€Å"E† sites as the polypeptide chain is built. The first stop for the transfer RNA is a â€Å"A† site. The â€Å"A† stands for aminoacyl-tRNA, or a transfer RNA molecule that has an amino acid attached to it. This is where the anti-codon on the transfer RNA meets up with the codon on the messenger RNA and binds to it. The ribosome then moves down and the transfer RNA is now within the â€Å"P† site of the ribosome. The â€Å"P† in this case stands for peptidyl-tRNA. In the â€Å"P† site, the amino acid from the transfer RNA gets attached via a peptide bond to the growing chain of amino acids making a polypeptide. At this point, the amino acid is no longer attached to the transfer RNA. Once the bonding is complete, the ribosome moves down once again and the transfer RNA is now in the â€Å"E† site, or the â€Å"exit† site and the transfer RNA leaves the ribosome and can find a free floating amino acid and be used again. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon and the final amino acid has been attached to the long polypeptide chain, the ribosome subunits break apart and the messenger RNA strand is released along with the polypeptide. The messenger RNA may then go through translation again if more than one of the polypeptide chain is needed. The ribosome is also free to be reused. The polypeptide chain can then be put together with other polypeptides to create a fully functioning protein. The rate of translation and the amount of polypeptides created can drive evolution. If a messenger RNA strand is not translated right away, then its protein it codes for will not be expressed and can change the structure or function of an individual. Therefore, if many different proteins are translated and expressed, a species can evolve by expressing new genes that may not have been available in the gene pool before. Similarly, if an is not favorable, it may cause the gene to stop being expressed. This inhibition of the gene may occur by not transcribing the DNA region that codes for the protein, or it could happen by not translating the messenger RNA that was created during transcription.

The Women s Rights Movement - 1620 Words

Time Inc. reports that â€Å"as the attitude towards victims has improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solely on her being female. In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexual harassment’ was adopted into law by the U.S. supreme court. Step by step changes are made and each victory is to be celebrated. This excerpt from the case of Catchpole v. Brannon clearly shows how a court will attempt to make a victim feel that she put herself in a position to be raped: THE WITNESS: I had forgiven him. I didn t hold a grudge. And then he told me he had a wife. I mean, all fear s [sic] flew out of my head then. To me, a wife and kids meant a complete family, um, safety, and he was just inviting me over to — THE COURT: But couldn t you have easily said, `No, not tonight. I m tired. I have got to go to school tomorrow. I ll talk about it later. Why not? Why didn t you say that? THE WITNESS: I — THE COURT: You don t know? THE WITNESS: I didn t feel that I could. (Leagle) In this case the appellant, Marie Catchpole, asserted claims of sexual harassment, assault and battery, and intentional andShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback fromRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmen and women, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights OrganizationRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at Seneca Falls, NewRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1366 Words   |  6 PagesW omen’s Rights Movement The equality women have today did not just happen over night.In this passage there will be evidence of an impowering fight that women over came to say WE ARE IMPORTANT TO!! All the brave strong women that fought this battle, along with the obstacles women still face today.Also the surprising fact that women’s rights also consists of racism and sexual orientation.This movement was necessary, and is truly an accomplishment in history. The first outbreak of confidentRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, women have constantly been suppressed. It was believed overall that women were not supposed to work, but to stay home, cook, clean, make clothes, and take care of the child(ren). Basically, a woman was considered her husband’s property. It was not until 1920s that women were finally able to get the rights they deserve, such as birth control, new divorce laws, and ultimately the right to vote, which was the main focus of the Women’s Rights Movement. This movement consisted of manyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1420 Words   |  6 Pageswomen’s rights movement in the United States in the early –mid 19th century did not fail to accomplish its goals, as slavery was not an issue women wanted to resolve (address?) In the early-mid 19th century, some women began to demand change in American society (as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically?) -political, social, and economic change {challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National WomanRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1813 Words   |  8 PagesOver a hundred years ago, one event created chaos among gender roles and here are some of the initial factors of how rights for women started as a predicament which later began to evolve into a much larger problem that involved many people around the nations. Over the course of history, many issues had change the world to what it has become today. Many problems led to social, economic, and other changes. One small event is able to cause more obstacles, which eventually leads to larger complications

Media Analysis on the Privatization of Public Hospitals

Question: Discuss about theMedia Analysis on the Privatization of Public Hospitals. Answer: Introduction Australia has had a very long tradition that involves the provision of various health services by the private providers to private patients at a fee. There are also the provision of health services to public patients by a non-profit charitable or religious institutions. Up to the late 1970s, most of the numerous private hospitals aimed at making profits were small and mostly owned and run by various medical practitioners. However, there has been a development over the recent years in which there has been an increase in the expansion of the operation of the private hospitals aimed at making profits as many corporations have entered the market. There have been other changes in the private health sector due to the development of new technologies and more complex procedures which are undertaken in most of the private hospitals and the population ages. The private sector in Australia offers services to some of the patients in public hospitals under a contract with the government. The publ ic sector also provides clinical and non-clinical services to different public hospitals. Therefore, these interconnections have blurred the boundaries that should be there from the private health sector and the public health sector (Brown Barnett, 2004 p427). The government has privatized various public hospitals, for instance, Port Macquarie Base Hospital to provide affordable health services to the general public (Fox, 2013 p103). The press release to be analyzed in this article is from the NSW Nurses and Midwifery Association that is against the privatization of five major public hospitals which include Maitland, Bowral, Wyong, Shellharbour and Goulburn hospitals. The NSW Nurses and Midwifery Association argues that privatization of these hospitals will have adverse effects on the nurses, general public, and the government. The issues raised range from loss of employment, reduced safe patient care, lack of accountability, mismanagement of public funds among other problems (Nswn ma.asn.au, 2015). Discussion The media article states the struggles that are there from the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association and the Australian government. The New South Wales Nurses and Midwives Association is a union that represents the industrial interests of all nurses in New South Wales (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015). The association is so important in Australia since there is workforce shortage and these nurses are exploited (Sullivan, Lock Homer, 2011 p331). The article reveals that the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association is protesting the privatization of five public hospitals again. The association believes that privatization of these five hospitals will lead to numerous problems that will affect the whole society. The media article views the many adverse effects of privatization in various perspectives. The article highlights on the effects privatization will have on the nurses, the government, and the patients. Public-Private partnerships have been found to significantly affect the health staff negatively since when the public hospitals are privatized, the staff that was employed in the public hospitals finds no employment in the newly privatized hospitals. The private sector uses their set of health workers. Hence there are no positions for the old staff at the new hospitals. The article also states that the nurses will have little alternatives since the private sector is rigid and does not readily conform to changes. The media release also states that the Minister for Health, Jillian Skinner says that the only persons that will be offered employment in the newly privatized hospitals are the permanent staff if only a similar job to that they held in the public hospitals is available (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2017). These sentiments, therefore, means that the casual staff has few and limited rights. Effects on the Nurses The NSW Nurses and Midwives Association is fighting the privatization of the five public hospitals because its members are in the darkness in regards to their future working conditions and even the entitlements. The article argues that the nurses will be entitled to only a two-year employment guarantee after privatization and their contract can be terminated after the two year period. Privatization of the five major public hospitals also will leave the nurses and midwives with no opportunity to negotiate since the private investors are expected to be tougher in formulation and execution of their policies since they are strictly into business and their main aim is to make higher profits. The association is not happy with the privatization process as its members who are professional nurses and midwives are made to wait on the sideline as their prospects and projections are discussed and analyzed without consultations with them. The media release shows that the NSW Nurses and Midwives A ssociation is not pleased with the privatization of the five public hospitals as they were not consulted nor were they given any warning on these new developments. The association believes that they should have been informed earlier so that they could table the interests of the people that they represent. The media release shows that the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association is opposed to the ignorance of the government and the private health sector on the rights of the health workers and the community. The association is the introduction of the regulation that was involved in the termination of the redundancy entitlements of various public servants who are transferred from government employment to the non-government private sector (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015). Effects on the Patient Under the perspective of the patient, the article suggests that the patients will also be negatively affected. There will be reduced safe patient care due to the reduction of the quality of services offered in the private sector since the private investors try to minimize costs and maximize profits and are not much concerned about the welfare of the patients. Due to cost cutting, the private sector may not be able to provide quality health care via patient safety interventions and approaches. The private sector is interested in the revenues that the patient offer hence the best interests of the patients may not be at heart. The private hospitals can hold a patient even though they know they will not be able to improve his condition instead of referring him to other facilities that can handle his situation because they want to take his money. Privatization requires cultural and institutional change (Connell, 2010 p25). The patient may also not be treated due to lack of funds unless in public hospitals where the patients are treated for free or at a lower cost. The media release also reveals that the community has been kept in the dark as the government and the private sector have not involved the community in the decision-making process. The community needed to be part of decision-making since these changes affect them directly. The NSW Nurses and Midwives Association is aware of these problems that may face the patients if the five major hospitals are privatized. The privatization of these public hospitals will upset the nurse to patient ratios as the private health sector tries to minimize costs and maximize profits through employing few nurses to deal with the growing population (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015). The association is determined to pass this information to the general public so that they can join them in the fight again privatization of the five public hospitals. Effects on the Government From the government point of view, the media article states that the privatization of the five public hospitals will lead to the loss of the government ministered accountability since the private operators are involved in the management of government money (Acerete, Stafford Stapleton, 2012 p311). The private operators misuses the state resources and fully exploits them to serve their immediate purpose as they are only interested in profit making. The abuse of the government resources to maximize profit is because the private operators have a duty to the various stakeholders who are mostly after making money and profits. The private operators always promise affordable services to entice the government in privatizing public hospitals but most of the time their plans fails, and they go back to the government asking for more funds due to the underestimation of the demand. The government is usually forced to pay up, or it is made to take back the control of the hospitals and pay huge co mpensations to the private companies (Regan, Smith Love, 2011 p365). The media article reveals that the privatized hospital models have had a history of a high rate of failure in Australia. The example given is that of Port Macquarie Base Hospital which failed after privatization. Interrelations between Various Parties The article indicates that there are various ways in which the public health sector and the private health sector interrelates. The primary relationship method is through privatization of the public hospitals as well as the private provision of numerous services for public patients. The Australian government has made many arrangements which combine both the private and the public sectors in management, ownership, service delivery as well as financing of the hospitals. The privatization of public hospitals by the Australian government is mainly due to the financial constraints experienced by the government which usually limits the capacity to make new investments or expand the facilities that are found in the public hospitals (Domberger Rimmer, 2008 p445). There is a perception also that there will be cost sharing which leads to the improvements in the quality of health care via the private sector involvement. The other links are through outsourcing of clinical and also non-clinical services in the public hospitals, and purchase of services from the public sector by the private hospitals. Although there is the outsourcing of non-clinical services by the private contractors, privatization does not guarantee employment of non-clinical staff. These services include laundry, catering, maintenance, car park, cleaning, and security. The NSW Nurses and Midwives Association claims that the subordinate staff will lose their employment as the private contractors may reshuffle the employs and terminate some employments as a means of cutting cost and increasing profits (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015). Benefits of Privatization However the media article is mainly focused on the downside of the privatization of public hospitals by use of colored language, some advantages are attributed to the privatization of public hospitals. Privatization enables the reduction of duplication of services between the public and private sectors allowing the government to take advantage of the excess private capacity to meet the unmet public sector demands (Hodge Greve, 2007 p547). The government can get private financing hence being able to achieve public policy goal (Sekhri, Feachem Ni, 2011 p1498). There is also increase in the flexibility in the service provision allowing the issue of unmet health demand in the public sector to get a sufficient attention as well as increased choice for patients and better quality services (Braithwaite, Travaglia Corbett, 2011 p133). The privatization enables the sharing of infrastructure costs since there is the high cost of health capital as well as risk transfer which leads to enhance d efficiency (Siddiquee, 2011 p129). These advantages are the probable cause of the need to privatize the five public hospitals by the Australian government. Methods used by the Media The media release portrays the ideological viewpoint of the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association which argues that the Baird Government is not concerned with the welfare of its people as it is making policies and deals with the private health sector that do not represent the needs of the community or upholds the rights of the workers. The media uses many approaches to convince the general public the plights that await them if these hospitals are privatized. The media tries to air the various adverse outcomes in different perspectives as well as uses the evidence of Port Macquarie Base Hospital that failed after privatization. The author of this media article, the General Secretary of NSWNMA, Brett Holmes is an expert in the nursing field hence uses the media article to vividly discuss the many challenges that will face the health sector if the five hospitals are privatized (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015).The media article uses emotive language as it cites various instances where the rights of t he nurses have been violated and the suffering associated with those violations. The reader of the media release is a watcher who the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association tries to explain to the problems that the Australian health sector is about to face if those hospitals are privatized. The perspective of the private contractors is left out although it is important. The private contractors are a source of revenue to the government hence their point of view is important. The article convinces me fully on the adverse effects of privatization especially the failure of Port Macquarie Base Hospital which makes the claims of the association seem real. Different people will react differently especially those that benefit from the privatization, for example, the private investors. They will rubbish the claims of the press release. The question that lingers in my mind as I read this media release is where the government advisers are? This is because the government is making a mistake that it has made once again of privatizing public hospitals which are doomed to fail. Conclusion The media release by New South Wales Nurses and Midwives Association is an argument against the privatization of five public hospitals. The arguments are balanced among the perspectives of the government, nurses and the general public. The article uses emotive language as well as retaining the formal tone of the recognized nurses association. The article explains that the patients will suffer as there is the risk of reduced safe patient care while the nurses have job insecurities if the hospitals are privatized. The government also will suffer financially as the private hospitals will keep asking for incentives or worse compensation (Nswnma.asn.au, 2015). The Association urges the government to change the policies and stop the privatization process. Recommendations The government needs to hold talks with the NSW Nurses and Midwifery Association on the better plans to improve patient care without privatization of these five hospitals. The involved stakeholders need to be all involved in the decision making since these changes affects all the parties. References Acerete, B., Stafford, A. and Stapleton, P., 2012. New development: New global health care PPP developmentsa critique of the success story. Public Money Management, 32(4), pp.311-314. Braithwaite, J., Travaglia, J.F. and Corbett, A., 2011. 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